Reflexology free essay sample

What ever the reason, in the United States, 36% of adults are using some form of CAM. When megavitamin therapy and prayer specifically for health reasons are included in the definition of CAM, that number rises to 62%. What is CAM? The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) defines complementary and alternative medicine as a group of diverse medical and health-care systems, practice and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine. NCCAM classifies CAM therapies into five categories or domains: 1) alternative medical systems, or complete systems of therapy and practice; 2) mind-body interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate the minds effect on bodily functions and symptoms; 3) biologically-based systems, including herbalism; 4) manipulative and body-based methods, such as chiropractic and massage therapy; and 5) energy therapies. Alternative medical systems are as complex as conventional medicine. One example of alternative medical systems is Naturopathy, a system in which the body is encouraged to heal itself through changes in nutrition and lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflexology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another example is Ayurveda, a system in which the body, mind and spirit are integrated to prevent or treat health problems. Mind-body medicine includes practices that encourage the mind to positively affect the body. Meditation is an example of mind-body medicine. Meditation is a practice which encourages the patient to clear his mind and focus inward. Creative therapy also falls into this category of treatment and includes art therapy and music therapy. Patients are encouraged to express their feelings and hopes through drawing, painting, singing or playing a usical instrument. Biologically based systems use natural substances to assist the body fight illness. This includes using herbs to treat various illnesses. Energy medicine involves the detection and manipulation of energy fields around the human body. It is used in a number of therapies, including Reiki, in which a practitioner is said to transmit energy to the patient through hands placed on or near the body, and Qi Gong, wh ich uses a series of breathing and movement exercises to heal and strengthen the chi, a Chinese interpretation of the bodys energy or life force. Manipulative and body-based methods involve physical manipulation of the body to help the patient relax and to ease various symptoms. Chiropractic and massage therapy are included in this category. Reflexology is also in this category. What is reflexology? Reflexology (sometimes called zone therapy) is a therapy in which the nerve endings primarily in the feet are stimulated by specific massage techniques to effect changes in another part of the body and thereby create health and help overcome disease. Reflexology therapeutically reduces stress and tension throughout the whole body. Consequently, blood and lymph circulation improves, nerve supply to the cells is improved, and the release of toxins from the body is increased. These physiological benefits facilitate improvement in the bodys assimilation of nutrients, elimination of wastes, and the functioning of its immune system. In general, reflexology facilitates optimum functioning of all the systems of the body. It is in these ways that reflexology supports the body in its process of healing itself and maintaining optimum health. Reflexology can be traced back to the birth of Christ. Its use is documented in Greece, Rome, the Orient, India and by Indians in North America. In Egypt, for example, there are hieroglyphs, dating back to 2500 BC, that depict hand and foot reflex zone therapy in the tomb of Ankmahor, who was known as the great physician. The theory behind reflexology is that when the reflexes are stimulated, the bodys natural electrical energy works along the nervous system to clear any blockages in the corresponding zones. A reflexology session appears to break up deposits (felt as a sandy or gritty area under the skin) which may interfere with this natural flow of the bodys energy. Manipulating specific reflexes removes stress, activating a parasympathetic response in the body to enable the disharmonies to be released by a physiological change in the body. With stress removed and circulation improved, the body is allowed to return to a state of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the automatic process that the body incorporates to bring it back to the normal state. For example, if the blood pressure is abnormal, the kidneys will secrete the enzyme rennin which is involved with blood pressure, and the hormone, erythropoietin that increases the rate of red blood cell production. The science of reflexology used today was founded in 1913 by Dr. William Fitzgerald, an American ear, nose and throat surgeon. He noticed that pressure on specific areas of the body produced an anaesthetizing effect on a related area. Developing his theory, he divided the body into ten equal zones which ended in the feet and hands. In the 1930s a massage therapist, Eunice Ingham, refined Dr. Fitzgeralds zones and developed what is known today as reflexology. She observed that congestion or tension in any part of the foot mirrored congestion or tension in a related part of the body. Therefore, treating the areas of the feet could have a relaxing and healing effect on different organs and tissues inside the body. Reflexology is a complementary therapy. While it can be used as a beneficial treatment on its own, it can also be used in conjunction with other complementary and holistic therapies as well as with conventional medical care. Since reflexology is not recognized by law, no formal training is required to practice reflexology or call oneself a reflexologist. However, some nurses and massage therapists offer reflexology as part of their licensed practice. Some courses are accredited for continuing education for nurses and massage therapists. The most widely publicized training source is probably the International Institute of Reflexology, of St. Petersburg, Florida, which claims to have 25,000 members worldwide. Its Certified Member status requires 200 hours of instruction plus passage of written and practical tests. This certification process has neither legal nor medical recognition. As with any kind of medical treatment, there are potential dangers associated with reflexology. People with recent or healing fractures, unhealed wounds or active gout affecting the foot should avoid reflexology. Those suffering with osteoarthritis affecting the ankle or foot or severe circulation problems in the legs or feet, should seek medical consultation before starting reflexology. Some reflexology books list diabetes, heart disease or the presence of a pacemaker, unstable blood pressure, cancer, active infections, past episodes of fainting (syncope), mental illness, gallstones or kidney stones as illnesses that may be negatively affected by reflexology. However, there is limited scientific evidence that reflexology can affect these conditions. Pregnant women should consult their doctor before trying reflexology because it has been reported that rigorous stimulation of the feel can cause the uterus to contract. Reflexology should not delay diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies. Our lives are becoming more stressful every day. With ever increasing levels of stress, it is important that we take more responsibility for our own health care needs.

Free Essays on How Fredrick Douglass Got His Message Across

Fredrick Douglass was a writer who boldly wrote about the treatment of slaves while in captivity. his reading experience made him an influential person in the late 1800's. He spent two years of his childhood years living on the plantation; it was here he got his first impression of slavery. in his writing Fredrick Douglass describes how he witnessed bloody transaction. If a slave was convicted of any high misdemeanor, or unmanageable, or attempted to run away he was severley whipped, put on board the sloop, carried to Baltimore, and sold to Austin Wool Folks, or some other slave-trader, as a warning to the remaining slaves. He stated that the men and women slaves recieved eight pounds of pork, to its equivalent in fish and a bushel of corn meal. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trouses, like shirts one jacket, one pair of shoes; jackets, nor trouses were given to them. Children of both sexes were almost naked might be seen almost at all season of the year. They had no beds to sleep in, only the men and women, children were exempted. they 're sleeping time was limited, when their work in the field was done they had to do their washing, mending and cooking and having to work with no resources at all. When they fell asleep married men and women all jammed together on the cold damp floor, covering themselves with their blankets. when daybreak the horn is sounded off for the slaves to report to the plantation, those who did not rise were wiped with large hickory stick and heavy cowskin. Fredrick Doiuglass further stated that he witnessed Mr. Severe a curel overseer, whip a woman causing blood to run half an hour at a time; in front of her crying children, pleading for their mother's release, this was curelty, he also blasphemy and cursed at them. Mr Hopkins who was different replaced Severe. He wiped the slaves but seems to take no place in it. The slaves called him a good overseer. He... Free Essays on How Fredrick Douglass Got His Message Across Free Essays on How Fredrick Douglass Got His Message Across Fredrick Douglass was a writer who boldly wrote about the treatment of slaves while in captivity. his reading experience made him an influential person in the late 1800's. He spent two years of his childhood years living on the plantation; it was here he got his first impression of slavery. in his writing Fredrick Douglass describes how he witnessed bloody transaction. If a slave was convicted of any high misdemeanor, or unmanageable, or attempted to run away he was severley whipped, put on board the sloop, carried to Baltimore, and sold to Austin Wool Folks, or some other slave-trader, as a warning to the remaining slaves. He stated that the men and women slaves recieved eight pounds of pork, to its equivalent in fish and a bushel of corn meal. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trouses, like shirts one jacket, one pair of shoes; jackets, nor trouses were given to them. Children of both sexes were almost naked might be seen almost at all season of the year. They had no beds to sleep in, only the men and women, children were exempted. they 're sleeping time was limited, when their work in the field was done they had to do their washing, mending and cooking and having to work with no resources at all. When they fell asleep married men and women all jammed together on the cold damp floor, covering themselves with their blankets. when daybreak the horn is sounded off for the slaves to report to the plantation, those who did not rise were wiped with large hickory stick and heavy cowskin. Fredrick Doiuglass further stated that he witnessed Mr. Severe a curel overseer, whip a woman causing blood to run half an hour at a time; in front of her crying children, pleading for their mother's release, this was curelty, he also blasphemy and cursed at them. Mr Hopkins who was different replaced Severe. He wiped the slaves but seems to take no place in it. The slaves called him a good overseer. He...

Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice - Essay Example The use of fair values in accounting for financial instruments to provide information to users of financial statements has been tested by cases of extreme market conditions. Fair value accounting has had a fair share of praises and criticisms. This assignment aims at explaining some potential criticisms, and evaluating whether they are correct and where they are overstated. The main objective of this assignment is; to illustrate whether users of financial statements are advocates of fair value accounting. Fair value measurement aims at estimating, as best as possible, the prices of financial instruments and how these instruments would change hands in orderly transactions based on current conditions and information. To achieve this goal, firms incorporate current information about their future cash flows, and current risk-adjusted discount rates into their fair value measurements. The standard requires firms to use available market prices for similar positions to estimate fair values. This requirement relies on the fact that, market prices should replicate all publicly available information about future cash flows as well as current risk-adjusted discount rates. In some cases where market prices for similar positions are unavailable, firms estimate fair values using relevant valuation models. These models are applied using observable market inputs; interest rates and yield curves, and unobservable firm-supplied inputs; expected cash flows from the firm’s own data. Fair values e stimated using valuation models are referred to as mark-to-model values, whereas those estimated using unadjusted or adjusted market prices are referred to as mark-to-market values (Wallison, 2009). Firms report the fair values of the positions they currently hold on their financial statements. This standard also requires firms to report on periodic changes in the fair value of their current position. These periodic changes are indicated as unrealized gains and losses

Censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Censorship - Essay Example The act of censorship is now done more for the benefit of children, yet many people believe it should be the responsibility of the parent to monitor what their children read or watch, and not the responsibility of the government or a stranger from an organization. After all, Cleland’s novel was proven to be harmless. However, this might be different if the book were in the hands of a child. It has been brought up of whether or not media should be censored since times and opinions have changed, and if media is censored, if adults should also face censorship to strengthen the protection towards children. The practice of censorship has evolved to protect children more than anybody else, though adults are also effected by this as it becomes difficult for them to access their own mature media. Books and movies that are considered inappropriate are kept out of reach from younger children. These pieces of media contain subject matter that are too advanced for children, such as excess ive violence, sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, or other topics that are thought to be taboo or else unsuitable for young eyes. This is perhaps the main reason, if not the only reason, why books and movies, as well as many video games, are censored from children. Censorship is not done out of a need to deny children of their entertainment, but to ensure that younger children are obtaining entertainment that is right for them. This may also prove to be overly paternalistic to parents since it may mean difficulties in obtaining their own entertainment, but they still need to play their part in making sure that children cannot access their adult material. On the other side of the argument against censoring media is that it causes many people to cross the line between protecting and overprotecting a child. By censoring certain material, children are being denied glimpses into many of the ideas and concepts of the real world. Censorship tends to go too far, sheltering children from the real world around them. They become unaware of all that the world has to offer in way of unique, independent, and creative thoughts and experiences. Censorship also teaches children that, in regard to media, there is an undue concept of good and evil, which can cause a child to continue to censor themselves as they become adults. They begin to be judgmental at a very young age when growing up in a censored environment, never allowing themselves to open up to everything that the world has to offer to their growing minds. Censorship should be used, but implemented in a way so that children cannot gain access to media that is deemed inappropriate by parents, teachers, and other adults that have authority and influence over children. While many schools, families, and even libraries acknowledge media that is inappropriate based on a common standard of decency, such as media involving graphic sex, drugs, and violence, they still make it readily available for young children to have acc ess. This is because a lot of it remains accessible to adults, but still within grasp of children. The material that should be censored should be done so because the material is too advanced, and oftentimes harsh and graphic, for children. Not only can they be negatively impacted by some of what they read

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Accounting - Assignment Example Technological advancements improve appropriate investment leading to low-cost production of delicious bakery foods. Clients at the end receive extraordinary services with improved processes, quality enhancement, and resource conservation lead to smart baking. Team members are always encouraged and appreciated hence acquire the motivations in their line of duty. The automated bread line includes dough baking, ingredients, mixing, and transportation to the final collection stages. The automation helps to ensure quality and a standard sizing of bread. The size is at 215,000 square feet (Flowers Foods, 2014). Production lines fit the two one-bread line and a one-bun line, whereas the capacity set at 3 million pounds of breads. The buns produced per week owing a speed of 60,000 buns per hour or 10,000 loaves of bread per hour. The products maintained in the market include nature own breads and burns, Betsy Ross, Mary Jane and Bunny. Dough making, transportation, and delivery to the consumers are labor intensive. Human resource investment is essential in various areas of production and marketing. Massive human resource contributes a fundamental role in enhancing the delivery of baked cakes to

Ecological Footprint Analysis Of Iran Environmental Sciences Essay

Ecological Footprint Analysis Of Iran Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays by increasing the population of the world, more than ever we are and should be more concerned about our resources compared to our consumption. If we look at the research we can realize that our consumption is overshooting the Earths natural capacity to product our needs as well as digesting our waste. To evaluate a measurement to study how sustainable countries develop and how much they care about the environment and its capacity some scientists developed a model which is based on a simple question; Do we fit our planet by continuing our current lifestyle? This method is called Ecological Footprint. Definition of Ecological Footprint (EF) The concept of the Ecological Footprint was introduced by Rees (1992) and elaborated by Wackernagel and Rees (1996, 1997) among others. The EF can be compared with the productive biological capacity of the available land and the sea to this population (WWF, 2005). The EF measures the demand for natural resources. For its creators, the EF is a measure of the impact of the population expressed in terms of the appropriate area; it is the surface of ecologically productive territory in the diverse categories (arable lands, pastures, forests, sea and CO2 absorption area), necessary to supply the resources of energy and matter that a population consume and to absorb its wastefulness considering its current technology (Wackernagel and Rees, 1996).One characteristic term of this methodology is the biocapacity or interest from natural capital. Thus, the biocapacity measures the bioproductivity or biological productivity in an area. The average biological productivity of a hectare of the earths productive surface area is called global hectare (GHA) and is used as the common unit of comparison. Bioproductivity is the ability of a biome (e.g., arable land, pasture land, forest land, productive sea) to produce biomass, which is defined as the weight of organic matter, including animals, plants and micro-organism (living and dead), above or below the soil surface. Thus, the biomes have different levels of bioproductivity. Some of it is built or degraded land. Biocapacity is dependent not only on natural conditions but also on prevailing land use (e.g., farming use, forest use). The use of bioproductive area as an aggregate unit is a powerful and resonant means of measuring and communicating environmental impact and sustainability. It is crucial to note that the biocapacity represents the theoretical maximum sustainable capacity for a year. While ecological overshoot by definition reveals the degradation of natural capital, the ecological remainder does not guarantee the sustainability of production. Rather, as the Footprint of production approaches the biocapacity and the ecological remainder narrows, the likelihood that the country will experience environmental stressor degradation escalates, at least over longer periods of time. In the EF, by comparing the demand with the available supply it is possible to estimate the ecological sustainabil ity of territories or countries. A nations ecological footprint correspond to the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories to produce all the resources it consumes, and to absorb all the waste it generates on a continuous basis, using prevailing technology. Methodology of Footprint Calculation: FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ACCOUNTING Ecological Footprint accounting is based on six fundamental assumptions (Wackernagel et al. 2002): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The majority of the resources people consume and the wastes they generate can be tracked. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Most of these resource and waste flows can be measured in terms of the biologically productive area necessary to maintain flows. Resource and waste flows that cannot be measured are excluded from the assessment, leading to a systematic underestimate of humanitys true Ecological Footprint. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By weighting each area in proportion to its bioproductivity, different types of areas can be converted into the common unit of global hectares, hectares with world average bioproductivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Because a single global hectare represents a single use, and all global hectares in any single year represent the same amount of bioproductivity, they can be added up to obtain an aggregate indicator of Ecological Footprint or biocapacity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human demand, expressed as the Ecological Footprint, can be directly compared to natures supply, biocapacity, when both are expressed in global hectares. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Area demanded can exceed area supplied if demand on an ecosystem exceeds that ecosystems regenerative capacity (e.g., humans can temporarily demand more biocapacity from forests, or fisheries, than those ecosystems have available). This situation, where Ecological Footprint exceeds available biocapacity, is known as overshoot (deficit). What does a per person national Footprint actually mean? A per person national Footprint measures the amount of bioproductive space under constant production required to support the average individual of that country. For example, a five-hectare per person Footprint means that an average individual in that country uses all of the services produced in a year by five hectares of world-average productive land. This land does not need to be within the borders of the individuals country as biocapacity is often embodied in goods imported from other countries to meet consumption demands. What is included in the Ecological Footprint? What is excluded? To avoid exaggerating human demand on nature, the Ecological Footprint includes only those aspects of resource consumption and waste production for which the Earth has regenerative capacity, and where data exist that allow this demand to be expressed in terms of productive area. For example, freshwater withdrawal is not included in the Footprint, although the energy used to pump or treat it is. Ecological Footprint accounts provide snapshots of past resource demand and availability. They do not predict the future. Thus, while the Footprint does not estimate future losses caused by present degradation of ecosystems, if persistent this degradation will likely be reflected in future accounts as a loss of biocapacity. Footprint accounts also do not indicate the intensity with which a biologically productive area is being used, nor do they pinpoint specific biodiversity pressures. Finally, the Ecological Footprint is a biophysical measure; it does not evaluate the essential social and economic dimensions of sustainability. Statistical Data: The statistics shown the next page are extracted from ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ATLAS 2009, Published 24th November 2009 by GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK, RESEARCH AND STANDARDS DEPARTMENT, Oakland, California, United States of America Interpretation of Data: As we can see in the tables the Total Ecological Footprint of Iran is 2.66 compared to its Total Biocapacity which is 0.99. It means that for this country the Total Ecological Footprint is roughly 160% more than its Total Biocapacity which is by definition a biological overshoot and can lead to degradation of natural capital or resources. In other words, our demand is much higher than our demand and this can be a warning for us at least in longer periods of time and there should be decisive measures to reduce the factors which contribute to higher Footprints. How to improve the situation: In simple words it can be said that to improve the situation beside any rules or policies which governments can take, all people can take effective steps to reduce their stressors on environment by decreasing their consumption as well as their waste. There are some simple ways suggested by experts: A) Reduce your Carbon Footprint A1) Use cleaner transport * Walk, bike, or take public transit whenever possible. * Avoid allowing your car to idle. If youll be waiting for more than 30 seconds, turn off the engine (except in traffic). And dont take the drive-through-park the car and walk inside instead. * Have your vehicle serviced regularly to keep the emission control systems operating at peak efficiency. Check your cars air filter monthly, and keep the tires adequately inflated to maximize gas mileage. * Avoid short airplane trips-take a bus or train instead. A2) Add energy-saving features to your home * Install compact fluorescent bulbs in all your home light fixtures-but remember, compact fluorescents contain mercury, so look for low-mercury models and be sure to dispose of old bulbs safely through your local hazardous waste program. * Weatherproof your home. Make sure your walls and ceilings are insulated, and consider double-pane windows. Eliminate drafts with caulking, weather strips, and storm windows and doors. * Insulate your water heater. Even better, switch to a tankless water heater, so your water will be heated only as you use it. * Choose energy efficient appliances. A3) Adopt energy-saving habits * Keep thermostat relatively low in winter and ease up on the air conditioning in summer. Clean or replace dirty air conditioner filters as recommended to keep the A/C operating at peak efficiency. * Unplug your electronics when not in use. To make it easier, use a power strip. Even when turned off, items like your television, computer, and cellphone charger still sip power. * Dry your clothes outside whenever possible. * Make minimal use of power equipment when landscaping. * Defrost your refrigerator and freezer regularly. * Choose green electricity. Many utilities give you the option to purchase electricity generated by wind and solar power for a small rate surcharge. * Purchase carbon offsets to make up for the energy use you cant eliminate. B) Reduce your Food Footprint * Eat more local, organic, in-season foods. * Plant a garden-it doesnt get more local than that. * Shop at your local farmers market or natural foods store. Look for local, in-season foods that havent travelled long distances to reach you. * Choose foods with less packaging to reduce waste. * Eat lower on the food chain-going meatless for just one meal a week can make a difference. Globally, it has been estimated that 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions are associated with meat consumption. C) Reduce your Housing Footprint C1) Choose sustainable building materials, furnishings, and cleaning products. * Explore green design features for your building, like passive solar heating, a rainwater catchment or grey water recycling system, and recycled materials. * Choose efficient appliances, including low flow shower heads, faucets, and toilets. * Choose furnishings that are second-hand, recycled, or sustainably produced. * Plant drought tolerant plants in your garden and yard. * Use biodegradable, non-toxic cleaning products. C2) Adopt water-saving habits * Take shorter, less frequent showers-this not only saves water, but the energy necessary to heat it. * Dont use the garbage disposal. Compost instead. * Run the dishwasher and the laundry machine only when full. * Wash cars rarely, or better yet, take them to a carwash. Commercial carwashes use less water per wash than home washers, and they are also required to drain used water into the sewage system, rather than storm drains, which protects aquatic life. * Avoid hosing down or power-washing your deck, walkways, or driveway. * Regularly look for and fix leaks. D) Reduce your Goods and Services Footprint * Buy less! Replace items only when you really need to. * Recycle all your paper, glass, aluminium, and plastic. Dont forget electronics! * Compost food waste for the garden. Garbage that is not contaminated with degradable (biological) waste can be more easily recycled and sorted, and doesnt produce methane gases (a significant greenhouse gas contributor) when stored in a landfill. * Buy recycled products, particularly those labelled post-consumer waste. Glossary Ecological Footprint: A measure of how much biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing technology and resource management practices. The Ecological Footprint is usually measured in global hectares. Because trade is global, an individual or countrys Footprint includes land or sea from all over in the world. Ecological Footprint is often referred to in short form as Footprint. Ecological Footprint and Footprint are proper nouns and thus should always be capitalized. Global hectare (gha): A productivity-weighted area used to report both the biocapacity of the Earth, and the demand on biocapacity (the Ecological Footprint). The global hectare is normalized to the area-weighted average productivity of biologically productive land and water in a given year. Because different land types have different productivity, a global hectare of, for example, cropland, would occupy a smaller physical area than the much less biologically productive pasture land, as more pasture would be needed to provide the same biocapacity as one hectare of cropland. Because world bioproductivity varies slightly from year to year, the value of a gha may change slightly from year to year. Overshoot: Global overshoot occurs when humanitys demand on nature exceeds the biospheres supply, or regenerative capacity. Such overshoot leads to a depletion of Earths life-supporting natural capital and a build-up of waste. At the global level, ecological deficit and overshoot are the same, since there is no net-import of resources to the planet. Local overshoot occurs when a local ecosystem is exploited more rapidly than it can renew itself. Land type: The Earths approximately 11.9 billion hectares of biologically productive land and water are categorized into five types of surface area: cropland, grazing land, forest, fishing ground, and built-up land. Also called area type. Ecological deficit/reserve: The difference between the biocapacity and Ecological Footprint of a region or country. An ecological deficit occurs when the Footprint of a population exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. Conversely, an ecological reserve exists when the biocapacity of a region or country exceeds the Footprint of its population. If there is a regional or national ecological deficit, it means that the region or country is either importing biocapacity through trade, liquidating its own ecological assets, or emitting wastes into a global commons such as the atmosphere. In contrast, the global ecological deficit cannot be compensated through trade, and is equal to overshoot. Carbon Footprint: When used in Ecological Footprint studies, this term is synonymous with demand on CO2 area. The phrase Carbon Footprint has been picked up in the climate change debate. Several web-calculators use the phrase carbon Footprint. Many just calculate tonnes of carbon, or tonnes of carbon per Euro, rather than demand on bioproductive area. The Ecological Footprint encompasses the carbon Footprint, and captures the extent to which measures for reducing the carbon Footprint lead to increases in other Footprint components. Biological capacity, or biocapacity: The capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb waste materials generated by humans, using current management schemes and extraction technologies. Useful biological materials are defined as those used by the human economy. Hence what is considered useful can change from year to year (e.g. use of corn (maize) stover for cellulosic ethanol production would result in corn stover becoming a useful material, and thus increase the biocapacity of maize cropland). The biocapacity of an area is calculated by multiplying the actual physical area by the yield factor and the appropriate equivalence factor. Biocapacity is usually expressed in global hectares. Natural capital: Natural capital can be defined as all of the raw materials and natural cycles on Earth. Footprint analysis considers one key component, life-supporting natural capital, or ecological capital for short. This capital is defined as the stock of living ecological assets that yield goods and services on a continuous basis. Main functions include resource production (such as fish, timber or cereals), waste assimilation (such as CO2 absorption or sewage decomposition) and life-support services (such as UV protection, biodiversity, and water cleansing or climate stability). Refrences: ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ATLAS 2009, Published 24th November 2009 by GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK, RESEARCH AND STANDARDS DEPARTMENT, Oakland, California, United States of America E C O L O G I C A L E C O N O M I C S 6 6 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 6 2 8 6 3 7, Sustainability of nations by indices: Comparative study between environmental sustainability index, ecological footprint and the energy performance indices http://www.myfootprint.org/en/take_action/reduce_your_footprint/ http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php

Effects of Racial Prejudice Essay -- Race Segregation African American

Effects of Racial Prejudice The effects of racial prejudice and segregation aimed at African Americans in the south on their lives and opportunities were deep-seeded and long lasting. The effects of segregation were perhaps the most destructive because they were legal and above-board. These laws illustrated to the African American population that their struggle was not limited to battling the backward notions and violent actions of cowardly southern rednecks, but that they had to overcome the mentality and ideology of a national government and, in fact, an entire society, that was failing to recognize them as citizens worthy of the basic rights and freedoms to which they were entitled as Americans. Proper and equal education was probably the opportunity that was most blatantly infringed upon by segregation. This probably also dealt one of the most devastating blows to the Movement, simply because it occurred on such a fundamental level in such a critical stage. Young minds were taught at an early and impressionable age to accept unquestioningly separation and inequality between themselves and their white counterparts. The employment of primarily Uncle Tom principles and teachers was intended to insure that ideas of freedom and equality did not make their way into the classroom. Education was only one of the many opportunities that blacks were not afforded because of white prejudice. Even after African Americans gained the right to vote, most were still kept from the polls through the use of threats, violence, and unfair polling and testing procedures and policies. This had the crippling effect of denying African Americans a voice in their future and that of their country. It further alienated them from society an... ... the well being of her family. Perhaps most of all, she knew rage. She had felt the choking anger brought by watching young blacks beaten to near death in the streets. She knew the frustration of working within a system that Scontinued to oppress her people. She experience the despair of losing leaders like Medgar Evers and J.F.K., whose presence alone had held the promise of change. She felt the guilt and heartache of losing loved ones who had done no wrong and the anger of seeing justice unserved time and time again. Coming of Age in Mississippi defines an era and a people through the eyes of a girl who lived through it and overcame it. It tells of her struggles, her triumphs, and her failures. Through her experiences and the experiences of those around her, it illustrates the impact of prejudice and discrimination on the African Americans of that period.

Communication Introduction Worksheet

University of Phoenix Material Communication Introduction Worksheet In your own words, please answer the following questions. Each response should be written as an academic paragraph of at least 150 words. Be clear and concise, and be sure to explain your answers. If you cite any sources, use APA format. Paragraph QUESTIONS 1. WHAT IS THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION? WHAT DOES COMMUNICATION MEAN TO YOU PERSONALLY? GIVE AN EXAMPLE. (150 WORDS) Answers will vary. The text book defines communication as â€Å"social process individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment† (Turner & West, 2004). However, the text also points out that everyone will have their own meaning of communication. Personally, my definition of communication is the way a person or persons try to relate feelings to one another using words or actions to relay to others their emotions or thought process. To me, communication is the most important thing in my life. Without communication most relationships with any other person will fail. Communication is not something that is easy for a lot of people because it can result in uncomfortable feelings that many people try to avoid. When it comes to communication within my family, my relationship, and my co-workers, I try to be an open book. I think that when you are successful at communicating with someone the relationship you have with them will result in a positive manner. 1. Describe the differences between linear, interactional, and transactional. (150 words) Answers will vary. The linear model of communication is a one way message that is sent by a source and intended for a receiver. The elements of linear communication are: source, message, receiver, and channel. It shows that a person is a sender or a receiver only (Turner & West, 2004). The interactional model views communication as sharing the meaning with feed-back linking a source and a receiver. It differs from linear because it explains that messages can be sent back and forth from source and receiver. The elements of interactional communication are: feedback, field of experience receiver, message, and channel. The field of experience within interactional communication is based on someone’s up bring and culture and how they react to a situation. Not all communications are verbal, such as slamming a door and are proven in this type of communication. Finally, transactional communication model is sending and receiving messages simultaneously. It shows that a change in one affects a change in another. The field of experience within this model overlaps and there is certain interdependency between the comments of the message (Turner & West, 2004). Myth or Reality? UNDERLINE OR CIRCLE THE FOLLOWING MYTHS AND REALITIES OF COMMUNICATION. IDENTIFY WHETHER THIS IS A MYTH OR A REALITY, AND EXPLAIN WHY. 1. We communicate only when we consciously and deliberately choose to communicate. Myth Reality Even if we choose to not communicate verbally, we communicate non verbally unconsciously. 2. Words do not mean the same things to the listener as they do to the speaker. Myth Reality This is a reality because everyone interprets things in different ways and everyone has their own meaning or definition of what is being said to them. 3. We communicate primarily with words. Myth Reality We primarily communicate no-verbally. 4. Nonverbal communication is not perceived solely through sight. Myth Reality This is true because non-verbal communication can be done through gestures as well as paralinguistic- meaning a heavy sigh is non verbal communication even though some sound is used. 5. Communication is not a one-way activity. Myth Reality Every communication has a sender and receiver. 6. The message we send is identical to the message received by the listener. Myth Reality People communicate and receive messages differently. 7. You can never give someone too much information. Myth Reality Matching MATCH THE SEVEN CONTEXTS OF COMMUNICATION WITH THE APPROPRIATE DEFINITION. 1. Interpersonal G(a) Communication within and among large, extended environments 8. Intrapersonal E(b) Communication between and among members of different cultural backgrounds 9. Small GroupC(c) Communication with a group of people 10. Public/RhetoricalD(d) Communication to a large group of listeners 11. OrganizationalA(e) Communication with oneself 12. Intercultural B(f) Communication to a very large audience through mediated forms 13. MassF(g) Face-to-face communication between people Reference West, R. Turner, L. (2004). Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections

100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections 100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections 100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections By Mark Nichol They often seem disreputable, like sullen idlers loitering in a public thoroughfare, but they actually do a lot of hard work and are usually persnickety about the tasks to which they are put. They are interjections one class of them, anyway: those lacking etymological origins but packed with meaning. But how do you know how to distinguish similar ones or spell them, for that matter? Here’s an incomplete inventory of interjections (not including variations of actual words such as yeah for yes or onomatopoeic echoes of externally produced sounds like boom): Ack communicates disgust or dismissal. Ah can denote positive emotions like relief or delight (generally, pronounced with a long a). Aha signals triumph or surprise, or perhaps derision. Ahem is employed to gain attention. Argh, often drawn out with additional h’s, is all about frustration. Aw can be dismissive or indicative of disappointment, or, when drawn out, expressive of sympathy or adoration. Aye denotes agreement. Bah is dismissive. Blah communicates boredom or disappointment. Blech (or bleah or bleh) implies nausea. Boo is an exclamation to provoke fright. Boo-hoo is imitative of crying and is derisive. Boo-ya (with several spelling variants) is a cry of triumph. Bwah-hah-hah (variously spelled, including mwah-hah-hah) facetiously mimics the stereotypical archvillain’s triumphant laugh. D’oh is the spelling for the muttering accompanying Homer Simpson’s trademark head-slapping self-abuse. Duh derides someone who seems dense. Eek indicates an unpleasant surprise. Eh, with a question mark, is a request for repetition or confirmation of what was just said; without, it is dismissive. Er (sometimes erm) plays for time. Ew denotes disgust, intensified by the addition of one or more e’s and/or w’s. Feh (and its cousin meh) is an indication of feeling underwhelmed or disappointed. Gak is an expression of disgust or distaste. Ha expresses joy or surprise, or perhaps triumph. Ha-ha (with possible redoubling) communicates laughter or derision. Hamana-hamana, variously spelled, and duplicated as needed, implies speechless embarrassment. Hardy-har-har, or har-har repeated as needed, communicates mock amusement. Hee-hee is a mischievous laugh, while its variants heh and heh-heh (and so on) can have a more derisive connotation. Hey can express surprise or exultation, or can be used to request repetition or call for attention. Hist signals the desire for silence. Hm, extended as needed, suggests curiosity, confusion, consternation, or skepticism. Hmph (also hrmph or humph) indicates displeasure or indignation. Ho-ho is expressive of mirth, or (along with its variant oh-ho) can indicate triumph of discovery. Ho-hum signals indifference or boredom. Hubba-hubba is the vocal equivalent of a leer. Huh (or hunh) is a sign of disbelief, confusion, or surprise, or, with a question mark, is a request for repetition. Hup, from the sound-off a military cadence chant, signals beginning an exerting task. Hurrah (also hoorah, hooray, and hurray, and even huzzah) is an exclamation of triumph or happiness. Ick signals disgust. Lah-de-dah denotes nonchalance or dismissal, or derision about pretension. Mm-hmm, variously spelled, is an affirmative or corroborating response. Mmm, extended as needed, conveys palatable or palpable pleasure. Mwah is suggestive of a kiss, often implying unctuous or exaggerated affection. Neener-neener, often uttered in a series of three repetitions, is a taunt. Now (often repeated â€Å"Now, now†) is uttered as an admonition. Oh is among the most versatile of interjections. Use it to indicate comprehension or acknowledgment (or, with a question mark, a request for verification), to preface direct address (â€Å"Oh, sir!†), as a sign of approximation or example (â€Å"Oh, about three days†), or to express emotion or serves as a response to a pain or pleasure. (Ooh is a variant useful for the last two purposes.) Oh-oh (or alternatives in which oh is followed by various words) is a warning response to something that will have negative repercussions. Olà ©, with an accent mark over the e, is borrowed from Spanish and is a vocal flourish to celebrate a deft or adroit maneuver. Ooh, with o’s repeated as needed, conveys interest or admiration, or, alternatively, disdain. Ooh-la-la is a response to an attempt to impress or gently mocks pretension or finery. Oops (and the jocular diminutive variation oopsie or oopsy and the variant whoops) calls attention to an error or fault. Ouch (or ow, extended as needed) signals pain or is a response to a harsh word or action. Oy, part of Yiddish expressions such as oy gevalt (equivalent to â€Å"Uh-oh†), is a lament of frustration, concern, or self-pity. Pff, extended as needed, expresses disappointment, disdain, or annoyance. Pfft, or phfft, communicates abrupt ending or departure or is a sardonic dismissal akin to pff. Phew, or pew, communicates disgust, fatigue, or relief. (Phooey, also spelled pfui, is a signal for disgust, too, and can denote dismissal as well. PU and P.U. are also variants.) Poof is imitative of a sudden disappearance, as if by magic. Pooh is a contemptuous exclamation. Pshaw denotes disbelief, disapproval, or irritation or, alternatively, communicates facetious self-consciousness. Psst calls for quiet. Rah, perhaps repeated, signals triumph. Shh (extended as necessary) is an imperative for silence. Sis boom bah is an outdated encouraging cry, most likely to be used mockingly now. Tchah communicates annoyance. Tsk-tsk and its even snootier variant tut-tut are condemnations or scoldings; the related sound tch is the teeth-and-tongue click of disapproval. Ugh is an exclamation of disgust. Uh is an expression of skepticism or a delaying tactic. Uh-huh indicates affirmation or agreement. Uh-oh signals concern or dismay. Uh-uh is the sound of negation or refusal. Um is a placeholder for a pause but also denotes skepticism. Va-va-voom is an old-fashioned exclamation denoting admiration of physical attractiveness. Whee is an exclamation of excitement or delight. Whew is a variant of phew but can also express amazement. Whoa is a call to halt or an exclamation of surprise or relief. Whoop-de-doo and its many variants convey mocking reaction to something meant to impress. Woo and woo-hoo (and variations like yahoo, yee-haw, and yippee) indicate excitement. (Woot, also spelled w00t among an online in-crowd, is a probably ephemeral variant.) Wow expresses surprise. Yay is a congratulatory exclamation. (Not to be confused with yeah, a variant of yes.) Yikes is an expression of fear or concern, often used facetiously. Yo-ho-ho is the traditional pirates’ refrain. Yoo-hoo attracts attention. Yow, or yowza, is an exclamation of surprise or conveys being impressed. Yuck (also spelled yech or yecch) signals disgust. (Not to be confused with yuk, a laugh.) Yum, or yummy, is a response to the taste of something delicious and, by extension, the sight of an attractive person. Zoinks is an expression of surprise or amazement popularized by the cartoon character Shaggy, of Scooby Doo fame. Zowie, often in combination following wowie, a variant of wow, expresses admiration or astonishment. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"15 Great Word GamesWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Free Essays on Hells Angels

The People Mother Warned You About During World War II, a group of military planes roared across Europe’s skies known as Hell’s Angels. The people in these crews were tight knit gentlemen. Not a single drunkard in the group of pilots. They helped many times in defeating the enemies in the islands. In 1948, a punk on the streets of San Bernardino stole the name and used it for his motorcycle gang that defied authority wherever they spread. From then on whenever someone hears the name Hell’s Angels, you think of nothing but bikes, beers, babes, and brawls. In the beginning Sonny Just wanted to find a group of guys who liked to ride motorcycles and would come together at the first sign of trouble, much like a family would. Finding new recruits to put through this process was a long and toilsome task. Recruits had to undergo a long period of evaluation to prove that they would never let their brothers down and always support the club, no matter what (Walter Kern 1). Along the way the Hell’s Angels found themselves in direct opposition with the law, and always for a variety of reasons. The ties of brotherhood were strong though, should any Hell’s Angels member have a run-in with the law, all of the present Angel’s members were expected to help in some form or another. Whether that meant posting bail money, or hiring a legal team to fight the charges. The concept of a family was definitely present in their organization, unlike other groups where at the first sign of trouble everyone scatters. Fighting the Hell’s Angels soon became like fighting an angry swarm of bees intent solely on protecting the hive from any and all external forces that may approach (Walter Kern 1). California is still the holy land to all Hell’s Angels members, but like any good club they’ve expanded. They now have about 2,100 members in about 193 chapters worldwide. Some chapters are in South Africa, Belgium, and Canada. In fact a ... Free Essays on Hell's Angels Free Essays on Hell's Angels The People Mother Warned You About During World War II, a group of military planes roared across Europe’s skies known as Hell’s Angels. The people in these crews were tight knit gentlemen. Not a single drunkard in the group of pilots. They helped many times in defeating the enemies in the islands. In 1948, a punk on the streets of San Bernardino stole the name and used it for his motorcycle gang that defied authority wherever they spread. From then on whenever someone hears the name Hell’s Angels, you think of nothing but bikes, beers, babes, and brawls. In the beginning Sonny Just wanted to find a group of guys who liked to ride motorcycles and would come together at the first sign of trouble, much like a family would. Finding new recruits to put through this process was a long and toilsome task. Recruits had to undergo a long period of evaluation to prove that they would never let their brothers down and always support the club, no matter what (Walter Kern 1). Along the way the Hell’s Angels found themselves in direct opposition with the law, and always for a variety of reasons. The ties of brotherhood were strong though, should any Hell’s Angels member have a run-in with the law, all of the present Angel’s members were expected to help in some form or another. Whether that meant posting bail money, or hiring a legal team to fight the charges. The concept of a family was definitely present in their organization, unlike other groups where at the first sign of trouble everyone scatters. Fighting the Hell’s Angels soon became like fighting an angry swarm of bees intent solely on protecting the hive from any and all external forces that may approach (Walter Kern 1). California is still the holy land to all Hell’s Angels members, but like any good club they’ve expanded. They now have about 2,100 members in about 193 chapters worldwide. Some chapters are in South Africa, Belgium, and Canada. In fact a ...

Buddhists and sage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buddhists and sage - Assignment Example Buddhism ultimately chooses to find the good in humanity in society where religious warfare continues to plague society. The foundation of Buddhist tradition and practice focus around ethical perceptions. All Abrahamic religions along with Hinduism such as Christianity and Islam all have a divine God. Moreover, Buddhism tends to focus around life and suffering. This is perfectly displayed as the author states explicitly as he states, â€Å"Only when a person no longer stands under heaven or upon the earth is he able to forsake the world. The author is clear in this context trying to moralize the ethics and morals that surround the religion of Buddhism. The whole essence of Buddhism is to preach peacefulness and embrace nature. It was clear that people were attracted to the idea in which humanity is the focal point rather than worship and control that other religions enforce. These views are empirical in this society for many reasons. First and foremost, it is evident that we live in a very individualistic society in which individualism and luxury is propagated for. Buddhism takes a completely different approach as it enforces suffering and self-control. It leads to differences between society and further leads to more division and clashes amongst people. On the other hand, Buddhism does not indulge on submission but suffering through an internal journey. Buddhism is pinnacle of peace here as it is stated in the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"The Buddha taught one thing alone: that is, how to end suffering in ones life† (Gita, 20). Ending suffering can promote peace and maintain harmony which is essential in for people. This whole notion of alone and inner peace conflicts with the modern society where socialization and collaboration is highly valued. The authors makes implicitly notes these aspects of Buddhism to ensure that the reader is aware of these not ions in the modern era of society. It creates an aura

Avis Europe Good Corporate Citizens of the Society Essay

Avis Europe Good Corporate Citizens of the Society - Essay Example The company is now enjoying around 16% market share in U.K. The company provides rental stations through three business formats such as corporate locations, agency location and franchise location. The Budget variety, belonging to Avis Europe in March 2003, provides for customers in above 1,000 places within 65 countries. These are contract-based firms with corporate offices in Austria and Switzerland, France and the UK.   Avis Europe aims to be the leading rental car company while maintaining very high ethical standards. Avis works on the Philosophy of ‘Kaizen’ or Continuous Improvement, which they coin by the phrase â€Å"We Try Harder†. A person named Warren Avis founded Avis Europe. He was a war pilot who after being discharged from US war force came out to design his car rental company. He thought of tapping the niche market of Airport Car Rental Service. The first airports the company tapped were Miami and Detroit. The success of the company can be traced from the fact that in about seven years it rose to the second position behind companies like Hertz and Lazard Freres. Keeping in mind the philosophy of continuous improvement their mission is to build a long-term relationship with stakeholders in the business. They also consider customer loyalty as the focus area. According to a survey report prepared by U.S research organization, Avis is one of the top companies from the vi ewpoint of customer loyalty. Retention of customers in a highly competitive market is always a difficult task. Therefore, they are very much focused on this. In terms of their vision, Avis Europe wants to establish themselves as good corporate citizens of the society. Gaining customer loyalty is their prime goal in this respect. They are also adopting many strategies to project themselves to the society as a good & responsible company. They are equally caring about their employees, suppliers, shareholders,  environment community and society.